The
Editorial Page
An editorial is
defined as “a write-up usually done by the Editor, his deputy or assistant
editor/editors. Unlike a news story, it contains comments, usually on a current
situation or development”. (Dictionary of Media and Journalism, Indian
Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi) The editorial usually reflects the
policy of a particular newspaper or magazine. The editorial is either written
by the editor himself or by an established columnist. It is can at times be an
article written by an assistant editor and signed by the editor or written by
one of his principal editorial writers.
Depending on the kind of topics dealt, the editorials have been
classified as follows:
1. The Informative or
interpretative editorial
2. The Appreciative or Critical
editorial
3. The Human Interest
editorial
In the beginning editorial was a platform where the learned editors put
forth their views and opinions about a contemporary issue. And the editors made
no bones when they were criticizing something very caustically.
Presently, there is a
debate going around if the editorials are losing importance in the daily press.
With enormous transformation and diversification of the news and features
carried in newspapers the editorial page and editorial columns have become a
very small part of the total editorial operations of the press. But, despite the growth of activities and
interests in an increasingly complex society with its national and
international ramifications, the editorial continues to occupy a significant
position in nearly all the well-established newspapers, whether in the West or
in India. In many newspapers the central column on the editorial page is often
important thus testifying the value attached by the readers in general to
anything that emanates from a recognizable writer, whether it is the editor
himself or someone else.
Nevertheless the
editorial has survived as the expression of the newspaper’s views on current
affairs, primarily because there is a strong feeling among those who conduct newspapers
that the general readers attach value to the impersonal judgments and opinions
expressed in the editorials. The readers even expect some lead from their
favourite newspapers even on other subjects they may care to read or attach
much importance to what the newspapers say. It is also one of the constant
problems of the press to determine what influence editorials have on readers.
Some studies made in India and elsewhere have shown that most readers are
influenced to greater extent by what they read in the news columns than by the
opinion expressed in the editorial columns. The readers tend to form their own
judgment from the facts they gather from their newspapers, rather than from the
views expressed by editorial writers or by others.
Prominence must be
given to the quality and content of the editorials as much as they attach to
other sections of the newspaper. In fact greater importance must be given to
the editorials because it is regarded as expressing the considered view of the
newspaper.
A newspaper editorial
is not always an index of public opinion but to the extent the readership of
that newspaper does not express open disagreement with the views expressed by
the newspaper. There are occasions when the editor of a newspaper feels so strongly
on a subject that he does not hesitate to express views which may not be in
accord with the strongly-held opinions or prejudices of its readers. Such
occasions are a test of the courage and integrity of the editor of a newspaper
are manifested. To plead strongly for causes which are not quite popular
requires courage of conviction on the part of the editor. Concurrently, it
requires a high sense of commitment to the public interest on the part of the
management of newspaper to permit the editor to express such views, when the
newspaper runs the risk of losing some of its readership.
Integrity and courage
are qualities which ultimately determine the status and esteem which newspaper
commands in the community which it seeks to serve. While these qualities have
to be displayed in the conduct of a newspaper as a whole, they have to be
particularly manifested in the editorial columns of a newspaper, where the
personality of the editor is reflected. The great newspapers in all countries,
which have commanded prestige over long periods, have earned this distinction
primarily by the independence, integrity and freedom from pressures of all
kinds which they have displayed in their editorial columns.
There was a time when
the editorial was almost entirely the work of the editor. Readers could easily
identify the views expressed in the editorial with the opinions propagated by
the editor himself. This identification of the editorial with the editor has
long ceased to be true, for the simple reason that no editor, however competent
and versatile he may be, can deal with the varied subjects which have to be
dealt with in the editorial columns in a modern society. The number of
editorial writers in a newspaper has varied according to the resources of the
newspaper, the value it attaches to the editorials and the availability of competent writers.
Some newspapers with
meager resources, especially in the Indian languages, have managed to get on
with one or two persons. Some of the major English dailies in India even have
eight or nine editorial writers. This allows considerable specialization in the
editorial. There are thus editorial writers specializing on foreign affairs,
national politics, civic problems, economic affairs and the like. While the
editor has the final say on the views of the specialists he or she may choose
to write the editorial himself.
The qualities that
make for a good editorial are in a sense common to all good writing. Sincerity
of conviction, fairness to all the points of view involved in the matter,
scrupulous regard for facts and effective presentation of one’s arguments- all
these make for a good editorial. Every editorial is primarily an essay in
persuasion. If it does not succeed in projecting the point of clearly and
convincingly to the reader, it would be failing in its purpose. Even if it serves to provoke the reader into
thinking on the subject on the lines the editor desires, it would have served
some purpose.
There have been
crusading editors, for whom the editorial column is a platform for projecting
their special interests in a particular cause. In pre-independent India, there
was a general devotion to the nationalist cause among newspapers owned or
edited by Indians. It was widely believed that most of the pre-independence
Indian newspapers were run by editors who fired with a missionary zeal and who
had no pecuniary motives in running the newspapers. This is not entirely
correct. Even in those pre-independence days the newspapers had to be run as
commercial enterprises and had to interest readers.
It is equally unfair
if the editors and journalists of independent India are said to have lost the
missionary spirit. In fact, most of the new generation journalists have brought
as much zeal and competence as might be expected in the new political
conditions under which they have had to function.
Editorial writing in
post-independent India calls for greater competence and understanding than
during the days of foreign rule, when denunciation could serve as an effective
substitute for reasoned and informed argument. And in the largest democracy
like us continuous conflicts are an inherent feature and almost every issue
becomes a matter of controversy on which there can be a variety of views.
Many issues that come
up for editorial comment call for an understanding of complicated
constitutional, political, economic or social matters. The editorial writer has
to develop a comprehensive knowledge of the subject he has to deal with and he
has to bear in mind the inter-relationship between economic and political
issues and the relevance of international reactions to national decisions.
Therefore mastering effective editorial writing in the contemporary situation
is much greater than what was perhaps required in pre-independence days.
Ideally an editor has
the decisive voice in the making of editorial policy. But in actual practice
editorial policy is not a simple reflection of the personal views of the
editor. Where a large number of senior assistant editors are also engaged in
editorial writing, the normal procedure in a newspaper is for important issues
to be discussed at the editorial conference.
In the dynamics of
national and international affairs, situations frequently develop which call
for a fresh look at problems. For instance, the
Indian press has had to deal with the agitation in Assam over the
inclusion of “foreigners” in the voters’ list assumes importance on such
occasions because different points of view may be expressed at the conference
and the editor’s own views may not decide the final stand to be taken by the
newspaper. Similarly when there was a
furore over the nationality of Sonia Gandhi and her candidature for India’s
prime ministerial post. There were lots of public discussions where the
newspapers were required to take a stand on the issue.
Of course while
editorializing various issues the editor may have to be at loggerheads with the
management of the newspaper too. The two may not see eye to eye on an issue.
Then the editor’s independence would be curbed by the managerial pressures thus
affecting the real cause too. Thus there is no safeguard for an editor who
sticks to his guns when writing for a good public cause.
The relationship
between the management and the editor must be based on mutual confidence since
there are so many issues on which editors decide day to day policy. Then much
clash between the management’s perspectives and that of the editor need not
unnecessarily clash. It would also ensure enough independence for the editor to
execute his duty unreservedly.
Writing
the Editorial:
There are no hard and fast rules in the techniques of editorial writing.
The styles in editorial writing vary greatly since there is any number of
gifted editorial writers. The style of editorials can be described as the
argumentative, the persuasive the expository and the pedantic, the hortatory,
the denunciatory or the vituperative. But the rarest type of editorial is the
one which combines persuasion with wit and humour.
Editorial is
invariably written in a race against time. The marvelous thing about a good
editorial is that it has been written in a hurry to conform to the newspaper’s
relentless time schedule. The greatness of the editorial lies in the
exceptional competence, knowledge and gifted literary skills of the writers. In
fact, such editorial pieces are examples of high literary quality too!
The beginner or a
novice intending to master the writing of editorial must start comparing the
editorials on the same subject in different newspapers as well as get familiar
with famous editorials in the well-known newspapers. Editorial writing is an
art which must be cultivated as rigorously as any other art. Some of the rules
to be observed are:
1. One must have a good
knowledge of the subject on which one writes.
2. The writer must have
some strength of conviction about the views he wishes to express.
3. He must express the
case in as persuasive and convincing a manner as he can.
If these three conditions are satisfied, the resulting product will be a
good editorial even if it does not reach the heights of good literature. The
literary quality of an editorial depends upon many factors including the
personality and the style of the writer himself.
One of the risks that
may well be avoided in editorial writing is the habit of rushing to express an
opinion on vital issue on the basis of misleading or inadequate reports. Since
editorials are respected as the well-considered judgement of the editor,
impulsive and hurried opinions based on inadequate information or a superficial
study of the problem must not be resorted to.
It is true that a newspaper must keep in pace with the rival newspapers
who may be quick to express their views on anything and everything under the
sun. Instead of feeling compelled to “keep up with the Joneses” a newspaper
which chooses to comment after a proper consideration of the matter which may
be delayed by a day or so would win an enduring respect and confidence of its
readers than a newspaper which hastens to spout anything at the drop of the hat
and off the cuff comments.
But there are many
occasions when the newspapers have very little time to consider. Example:
during the presentation of the Central Budget. There will be hardly any time to
consider all the budget proposals and comment on them in time for the morning edition.
In such cases, especially when the readers are perhaps eagerly expecting the
newspaper’s comments on the Budget, it might be necessary to give a quick
preliminary reaction to the Budget, to be followed by one or more considered
editorials on various aspects of the subject on subsequent days.
There is a distinct
style of editorial that stands out in very special occasions in India like a
war emergency or a general election of special importance. It is the signed
editorial. This signed editorial appearing on the front page was employed by
the late Frank Moraes as a means of focusing the readers’ attention on the
outstanding issues dealt with in the editorials. Obviously, such signed
editorials appearing on the front page derived their importance as much from
the personality of Moraes himself as from the fact that they were featured on
the front page. It is a technique which has relevance on exceptional occasions
when it may be expected that the entire readership of a newspaper is deeply
concerned about the issues dealt with in the editorials. Such signed editorials
have to present a very strong and distinctive point of view in a forceful style
if they are to interest the readers. Obviously they cannot be adopted as a
regular form of editorial writing.
Some
well-known Editorials:
A column in the editorial page by the editor under his own name stands on a
different footing from signed editorials. Depending primarily on the quality of
the writing and the personality of the editor himself, the signed column may
acquire special importance for the readers of a newspaper. And there is any
number of legends about renowned editors, their peculiarities and
characteristic features.
One of the most widely
read features in The Times of India
or the Indian Express when Frank
Moraes was its editor was his weekly signed columns. It was eagerly looked
forward to because of Moraes’ uncanny capacity to impart a punch to his
writing. He was unsparing in his comments on the lapses of personalities,
however high or eminent. He could describe an entire Cabinet as: “a bunch of
duffers” or characterize Mrs. Gandhi as
“the only man in her Government”. He described the Swatantra party as “boneless
wonder”. It is such unforgettable phrases and epithets which made Moraes’s
weekly column a unique feature in Indian journalism. Another famous editor who
made his signed column the most attractive feature in the newspaper was Pothan
Joseph. His “Over a cup of Tea” – which many knew was written over something
stronger than the cup that cheers but does not inebriate – was always
delightful for its biting sarcasm, its ribald humour and its delightful for its
biting sarcasm, its ribald humour and its witty bonmots. Joseph had a genius for looking at the funny side of
things.
And Annie Besant, who
edited the New India in the early
decades of twentieth century, was scrupulous in leaving the editorials written
by her assistant editors unaltered except for minimum corrections relating to
grammar or idiom. She used to say that
every piece of writing is a reflection of the creative spirit of the author and
the product of everyone’s creative activity should be respected as such.
Source: Internet
Source: Internet
No comments:
Post a Comment
I will be glad, if you recall someday that you heard this news from this blog. Do spare some time to leave a comment.